Wind Damage
Wind acts on the roof through uplift and movement.
The most obvious result is a missing shingle, but we also look for shingles that are raised, loosened, creased or partially detached. Roof edges can be especially vulnerable, and flashing or materials around penetrations may also be displaced.
A shingle doesn't have to be lying in the yard for wind to have affected it.
Hail Impact
Hail damage needs to be distinguished from normal aging, manufacturing conditions and unrelated granule loss.
Possible evidence can include impact marks, scuffed or displaced granules, indentations and corresponding damage to metal components such as vents, gutters or flashing.
The pattern across the roof matters more than finding one questionable spot.
Falling Limbs and Flying Debris
Debris damage is often more concentrated.
A falling limb may crack or puncture roofing, damage a valley or ridge, disturb flashing, or transfer impact into the decking beneath the roof covering.
When the impact is substantial, the visible shingle damage may only be the surface condition.
Wind-Driven Rain
A storm can also expose an existing weak point.
Water may enter around displaced flashing, damaged penetrations, loosened shingles or another opening created or worsened by the storm.
That doesn't automatically mean every leak after a storm was caused entirely by the weather event. The roofing condition still needs to be evaluated on its own evidence.